Abstract: Safeguarding farmers' property rights in ecological products is crucial for rural vitalization and an important pathway toward achieving common prosperity. Institutional safeguards for these rights provide the necessary legal and policy support for realizing these national objectives. Farmers' property rights in ecological products—comprising the rights of possession, use, benefit, and disposal over the ecological products they supply—constitute the concrete manifestation of ecological product property rights at the level of individual farmers. The theories of externalities, acquisition justice, and property rights in natural resource assets offer a solid theoretical foundation for establishing such safeguards. At the same time, both legal norms and practical governance mechanisms reflect and reinforce the recognition of these rights. However, the current institutional framework still faces several limitations. The ecological protection compensation system restricts the strength of rights protection; the registration, certification, and offset mechanisms for ecological products limit the scope of protection; and insufficient coordination among institutions, together with shortcomings in the benefit-sharing mechanism, constrain the available avenues for protecting farmers' rights. To address these issues, it is necessary to strengthen rights protection by improving the internal coherence of the ecological protection compensation system. The scope of protection should be expanded by refining the registration, certification, and offset mechanisms for ecological products. In addition, protection mechanisms should be enhanced by promoting better alignment between the ecological protection compensation system and mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products, while optimizing the benefit-sharing framework. These measures are essential for establishing effective institutional safeguards for the formation and realization of farmers' property rights in ecological products.