Abstract: Geological drilling is a fundamental basis for energy exploration, resource development, and environmental protection, and it is of great significance to national energy security and sustainable development. In the face of complex geological conditions brought by deep and unconventional resource exploration, traditional monitoring technologies can no longer meet the requirements of efficient and safe operations. This paper reviews the key methods and research progress of the geological drilling process from the aspects of data processing and intelligent monitoring. At the data processing level, the applicability and limitations of data augmentation and dimensionality reduction techniques under complex operating conditions are analyzed. At the intelligent monitoring level, the core ideas of different modeling schemes are summarized, and the construction principles and physical meanings of monitoring statistics in various methods are sorted out. Finally, the challenges facing current research have been thoroughly analyzed, and the research trends and future development directions are discussed.