Abstract: Inequality and poverty have always troubled the developing countries. In the course of struggling against poverty, the essential relevance between the lack of human capital, such as education, and poverty has been widely recognized. Thus, the conditional cash transfer system has been established aiming to alleviate social poverty and promote the accumulation of human capital in poor groups, in order to break down intergenerational cycle of poverty. A bolsa familia programme is a cash transfer system with conditions, the effective practice in Brazil has aroused widespread concern in the international community. On the basis of tracing back to the background of Brazil's bolsa familia programme, this paper analyzes the operation mechanism and implementation effect of the plan, and then, considers how to improve China's social assistance policy from the perspectives of establishing the concept of development-oriented social assistance, perfecting the legal system of social assistance, shaping the relationship between individuals and the government and society, paying attention to the family orientation and gender differences of policies, and consolidating and broadening children's welfare.