Abstract: The development of modern rural industries in China is increasingly challenged by a range of uncertain and unstable factors. Enhancing the resilience of rural industries is therefore vital to ensuring the security of the agro-industrial chain and supply chain security in China. This study draws on basic rural industry data from 31 provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) in China for the year 2022. Using a programmatic grounded theory approach, the study constructs a comprehensive resilience evaluation index system. An improved matter-element evaluation method is then applied to assess the resilience levels of rural industries across different economic regions and provinces. Based on obstacle degree analysis, the key factors limiting rural industry resilience are identified. The results show that theresilience index system comprises four main dimensions: industrial economic performance, level of industrial modernization, resource integration capacity, and risk resistance capability, encompassing a total of 14 specific indicators. In terms of regional performance, rural industry resilience decreases in the order of eastern, central, western, and northeastern China. Among all provinces, five demonstrate high resilience, ten show moderate resilience, and the remaining provinces perform at an average level. Further analysis reveals that five indicators−brand development, mechanization, industrial integration, agricultural insurance, and green low-carbon governance−present significant obstacles that hinder resilience improvement. Therefore, strengthening these key constraint areas is therefore essential for boosting the overall resilience of rural industries.