Abstract: Under the wave of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, cultivating new quality productive forces in agriculture and accelerating rural industrial integration have become crucial for high-quality agricultural development. A systematic review of policy documents shows that China’s rural industrial integration has evolved through three stages: the initial integration of planting and processing, the alignment of agricultural operations with market demands, and the preliminary phase of comprehensive rural industrial integration. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including low motivation for technology adoption, inefficient enhancement of production factors, immature rural business entities, and fragmented agricultural industrial chains. This study demonstrates that new quality productive forces empower the three rural industries through technological, factor, and green enhancement, thereby promoting the extension of industrial chains, multifunctional agricultural development, and the cultivation of new business entities. Based on the identified challenges and mechanisms, the paper proposes practical pathways to innovate the empowerment of rural industrial integration through new quality productive forces: stimulating innovation by developing cutting-edge technologies for industrial integration; adopting a demand-driven approach to gather new integration factors; and advancing institutional reforms to build a modern industrial integration system.