Abstract: The transformation and upgrading of chain-leading enterprises to promote the high-quality development of on-chain enterprises is a key pathway for shifting from “China speed” to “China quality” and from a manufacturing nation to a manufacturing power. Based on an organizational-environmental interaction perspective, this study takes listed manufacturing enterprises as the research sample and employs a combination of necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore the linkage effects of chain-leading enterprises' transformation on the high-quality development of on-chain enterprises. The findings indicate that the high-quality development of on-chain enterprises results from the interaction and coordination of organizational-level and environmental-level factors, and no single antecedent factor constitutes a necessary condition. Chain-leading enterprises promote high-quality development through diversified transformation paths, including the green–service co-driven type, the service-oriented single-driven type, and the intelligent–green co-driven type. Horizontal comparison of configuration paths indicates that the degree of service-oriented and green transformation is a critical factor for on-chain enterprises to achieve high-quality development. Accordingly, chain-leading enterprises should select transformation strategies aligned with their resource endowments; on-chain enterprises need to actively engage in the transformation process of chain-leading enterprises; and governments should establish multi-level, differentiated policy support systems to precisely facilitate coordinated supply chain development.